Due to global population growth, the amount of arable farmland per capita has been reduced by half over the past 50 years. The forestry industry also faces the challenges of aging forests due to a lack of proper logging and thinning. It is now essential to sustainably increase food and timber production while preserving the ecosystem by appropriately using farmlands and forestry lands. Furthermore, biomass resources, such as agricultural products and timber, are expected to be used for carbon-neutral biofuels and green chemicals as an alternative to petroleum resources, to prevent global warming.

Theme 5 aims to develop integrated agro-industrial GX technologies that simultaneously solve multiple global challenges, instead of proposing individual industry solutions. In the case of Tanegashima Island, a demonstration will be conducted to convert molasses, bagasse, and thinned wood into high-value-added products, such as biofuels and green chemicals, as alternatives to petroleum. Creating these new high-value-added products will strengthen the region's key industries, stimulate local agriculture and economies, and contribute to waste reduction and decarbonization. Moreover, integrating these green industrial technologies with agricultural technologies, such as breeding and soil-improved cultivation systems, will stabilize supply chains and enable sustainable business. Eventually, the overall industry of the region will be enhanced. Theme 5 will further study thinned wood and waste food oil to produce biodiesel from them as fossil fuel alternatives.

When the agriculture-forest or the food industries in the upper stream provide a stable supply of by-products, timber from forest thinning, and other biomass resources in both quality and quantity, the downstream biomass industry turns them into high-value-added products for profit. Then, the profit will flow back to the upper stream to enhance the economic force of the whole sector for sustainable development.